Mechanisms of Drug–Receptor Interactions in Modern Therapeutics

Abstract

Drug–receptor interactions form the fundamental basis of pharmacological action and therapeutic response. This paper examines the molecular mechanisms through which drugs interact with cellular receptors to produce physiological effects. Receptors, including G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, nuclear receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors, play a central role in mediating drug responses. Understanding these interactions allows for the rational design of safer and more effective medications.
The paper discusses binding affinity, intrinsic activity, agonism, antagonism, and partial agonism as key pharmacological concepts. Signal transduction pathways activated following receptor binding are explored to illustrate how extracellular drug interactions lead to intracellular responses. Advances in molecular pharmacology and computational modeling have enhanced the ability to predict drug behavior and minimize adverse effects.
Variability in receptor expression and genetic polymorphisms can significantly influence individual drug response, highlighting the importance of personalized medicine. The paper concludes that a comprehensive understanding of drug–receptor mechanisms remains essential for therapeutic innovation, drug development, and clinical pharmacology.