Role of Micronutrients in Disease Prevention and Immune Regulation

Abstract

Micronutrients play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing the onset and progression of disease. Essential vitamins and trace minerals such as vitamins A, C, D, E, B-complex, zinc, iron, selenium, and copper are involved in immune cell development, antioxidant defense, inflammatory regulation, and pathogen clearance. Adequate micronutrient status supports both innate and adaptive immunity by enhancing barrier integrity, modulating cytokine responses, and promoting the function of immune cells including macrophages, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. Conversely, deficiencies in key micronutrients are associated with impaired immune responses, increased susceptibility to infections, delayed recovery, and a higher risk of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. Emerging evidence also highlights the role of micronutrients in regulating immune tolerance and reducing excessive inflammation, thereby contributing to disease prevention and overall health. the importance of balanced micronutrient intake through diet and, where necessary, supplementation as a cost-effective and preventive strategy to strengthen immune function and reduce disease burden across populations.