Dose–Response Relationships and Therapeutic Index in Drug Development

Abstract

Dose–response relationships are central to understanding drug efficacy and safety. This paper examines the principles of dose–response curves and their application in drug development and clinical pharmacology. The relationship between drug dose and biological effect determines the therapeutic window and guides safe medication use.
The paper discusses graded and quantal dose–response curves, potency, efficacy, and the concept of therapeutic index. A narrow therapeutic index requires careful monitoring to avoid toxicity, while a wide index provides greater safety margins. These principles are critical during preclinical testing and clinical trials.
Understanding dose–response behavior supports rational prescribing and risk assessment. The paper concludes that dose–response analysis remains a cornerstone of pharmacological science, ensuring that drugs achieve desired therapeutic effects while minimizing harm.