The Portuguese-Ottoman rivalry and its economic, social, and political repercussions on the Red Sea region During the 16th century AD.

Abstract

It was distinguished Crossings and network stheTraders' routes YBoth marine and land-based options are available, Due to its great importance throu ghout history, as it is a Easy transfer process People and Asian goods and merchandise by land and sea from Islamic Eastto Christian West, where It served as a connecting link that They have been united throughout the ages and historical periods, starting from the period preceding the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope route (Cap De La Bonne Esperance)Up to the period of its discovery in 1498 AD, there were commercial, economic and political transformations that followed this maritime discovery on these land and sea crossings.

    Where it became Trade from the Islamic East flowed directly into Portuguese and then European markets,While these trade routes were a blessing and a source of wealth for the Islamic East, they were also a curse and a source of ruin for it through the repeated Portuguese campaigns against these sea crossings.

     The Red Sea is considered one of the most important, that Through it, the Portuguese destroyed the economy of the Islamic world and plunde red its resources, His strength and wealth,TryingforThis weakened him militarily and politically.And economically, with the aim of controlling it.

    This research paper aims to introduce the reader to the My importance The history of maritime trade routes in general and the Red Sea in particularin area Global trade Early 16th century AD And?Identifying the causes Heading PortuguesetoTo control they The Red Sea route? Then, what were the consequences of the Portuguese controlling the waters of the Red Sea, whether on global trade or on Islamic trade, which was represented by the Mamluk state in Egypt and the Levant, and the Ottoman state after them? What were the reactions of the Ottoman state and its stance towards this Portuguese invasion of the Red Sea waters?.

    Among the most important findings at the end of this research are: Global trade has shifted to the Cape of Good Hope route become worker Main In exhausting all economic capabilities to For the trade of Muslims and Venetians together In the waters of the Red Sea By depriving them of the various customs revenues and financial profits that this trade monopoly imposed by them on Asian trade had generated for decades, Also The economic and commercial collapse that afflicted the ports of the Mamluk state, for The rule of the state's private departments was disrupted, and the number of ships in its ports decreased, ships which previously could not find a place in these Mamluk ports.

    In the Red Sea, due to the Portuguese invasion, the Mamluks were unable to confront its growing danger, which necessitated the intervention of new powers represented by the Ottoman state, which had the credit for defending the Islamic holy sites in the Hijaz (Mecca and Jerusalem) from the Portuguese threat, and protecting Islamic trade there.